Otroško zdravstveno zavarovanje

Spoštovani, po vrnitvi s porodniškega dopusta sem se znašla v težkem položaju, saj je podjetje, v katerem delam, tik pred stečajem. Ker mi ne plačujejo prispevkov za zdravstveno zavarovanje, se bojim, kaj bo, če bo moj otrok, ki je zavarovan po meni, potreboval zdravniško pomoč. Ali so mu jo zdravniki kljub temu dolžni nuditi? Kako bo z rednimi obiski pri pediatru in ali se lahko zgodi, da otroka, če bo kaj resno narobe, niti v službi nujne medicinske pomoči ne sprejmejo. Kaj mi svetujete?

otrok in zdravnikZdravstveno zavarovanje v Republiki Sloveniji je na načelni ravni urejeno po načelu solidarnosti, je obvezno in naj bi zajemalo vse prebivalce Republike Slovenije. Obvezno zdravstveno zavarovanje izvaja Zavod za zdravstveno zavarovanje Slovenije (v nadaljnjem besedilu Zavod). Temeljna zakonska podlaga za delo Zavoda je Zakon o zdravstvenem varstvu in zdravstvenem zavarovanju (v nadaljnjem besedilu: ZZVZZ) Podrobnosti o tem, kdo in na kakšen način je vključen v obvezno zavarovanje, ureja ZZVZZ. Na načelni ravni so zavarovanci vsi, ki plačujejo prispevek za obvezno zdravstveno zavarovanje oziroma ga za njih plačajo drugi zavezanci. ZZVZZ v svojem 15. členu podrobno navaja kategorije zavarovancev. Njihov seznam je dolg in obsega več kot dvajset točk.

V primeru, da slovenski državljan s stalnim prebivališčem v Sloveniji ne izpolnjuje pogojev, da bi bil zavarovan po kateri od 1. do 20. točke in 22. do 25. točke 15. člena ZZVZZ, ga mora v obvezno zdravstveno zavarovanje prijaviti občina, kjer stalno prebiva. Merila, ki jih mora oseba izpolnjevati za vključitev v zavarovanje po tej osnovi, preverja občina stalnega prebivališča, določa pa jih Pravilnik o merilih za ugotavljanje dohodkov, prihrankov in premoženja občanov za prijavo v obvezno zdravstveno zavarovanje.

Iz teoretičnega zornega kota torej v Sloveniji sploh ne bi smelo biti državljanov, da o otrocih sploh ne govorimo, ki bi bili brez obveznega zdravstvenega zavarovanja in se vprašanje o tem, ali bo otroku dosegljiva zdravniška pomoč, sploh ne bi smelo zastavljati. V resničnem življenju smo kajpak daleč od teoretičnega pogleda. Razlogov je več in vseh na tem mestu ni mogoče obravnavati. Del jih leži v nedorečenosti zakonodaje. Zakonodajalec na primer v ZZVZZ ne pozna eksplicitnih kazenskih določb za tiste delodajalce, ki ne plačujejo prispevkov za zdravstveno zavarovanje. Poleg tega zakonodajalec v 78. členu ZZVZZ zelo nedoločeno opredeljuje, kdo lahko uveljavlja pravice iz zdravstvenega zavarovanja. Ta člen namreč pravi, da pravice iz zdravstvenega zavarovanja lahko uveljavlja oseba, ki ji je priznana lastnost zavarovane osebe. Lastnost zavarovane osebe ugotavlja pristojna služba Zavoda na podlagi prijave v zavarovanje, ki jo vloži zavezanec za plačilo prispevkov najpozneje v osmih dneh od dneva začetka zavarovanja. Iz tega člena bi bilo mogoče sklepati, da je končna presoja o tem, kdo lahko uveljavlja pravice iz zdravstvenega zavarovanja, arbitrarno prepuščena Zavodu.

Zavod za zdaj pozna postopek zadržanja pravic iz obveznega zavarovanja nerednim plačnikom prispevkov le v nekaterih primerih zavarovancev iz 15. člena ZZVZZ. Tako se zavarovanim osebam iz 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 11., 12., 13., 14. in 20. točke prvega odstavka 15. člena ZZVZZ ter njihovim družinskim članom v času, ko nimajo poravnanih obveznosti plačevanja prispevkov, zadržijo njihove pravice do zdravstvenih storitev in denarnih dajatev iz naslova obveznega zdravstvenega zavarovanja. Pod točkami od štiri do osem so zajeti zaposleni pri tujem delodajalcu, ki pri njem niso zavarovani; osebe, ki samostojno opravljajo gospodarsko ali poklicno dejavnost kot edini ali glavni poklic; osebe, ki so lastniki zasebnih podjetij, če niso zavarovane iz drugega naslova; kmetje, člani njihovih gospodarstev in druge osebe, ki opravljajo kmetijsko dejavnost kot edini ali glavni poklic; vrhunski športniki ali vrhunski šahisti, ki niso zavarovani iz drugega naslova. V točkah od enajst do štirinajst in dvajset pa je naštetih še nekaj posebnih kategorij, ki se lahko v primerih, ko prispevek ni plačan, znajdejo v položaju, ko ostanejo brez obveznega zdravstvenega zavarovanja. Te osebe in njihovi družinski člani lahko v času, ko nimajo poravnanih obveznosti iz naslova prispevkov, uveljavljajo na račun obveznega zdravstvenega zavarovanja le nujno zdravljenje. Torej tudi če bi bili zaposleni pri katerem izmed naštetih delodajalcev, bi nujno medicinsko pomoč za otroka imeli zagotovljeno. Ostale storitve, ki presegajo nujno zdravljenje, si morajo neredni plačniki iz opisanih kategorij zagotoviti z lastnimi sredstvi.

Če odštejemo naštete kategorije specifičnih neplačnikov, tako za zdaj ostajajo pravice iz obveznega zdravstvenega zavarovanja vsem delavcem, ki so v delovnem razmerju (1. točka 15. člena ZZVZZ), toliko časa, dokler traja delovno razmerje, pa četudi njihov delodajalec prispevkov za zdravstveno zavarovanje ne plačuje in četudi je tovarna tik pred stečajem. Enake pravice imajo tudi vsi brezposelni, ki pri zavodu za zaposlovanje prejemajo nadomestilo oziroma denarno pomoč.

Ko bo tovarna v stečaju, se lahko torej prijavite na zavod za zaposlovanje in si tako zagotovite storitve iz obveznega zdravstvenega zavarovanja. Lahko pa se zavarujete tudi kot občanka pri svoji občini. Tako zavarovanje velja tudi za otroka. Družinski člani se namreč vključijo v obvezno zdravstveno zavarovanje preko zavarovancev kot nosilcev zavarovanja in niso zavezanci za prispevek. Otroka je mogoče zavarovati celo posebej, in to v tistih izjemnih primerih, ko starši ne izpolnjujejo prav nobenih pogojev za vključitev v obvezno zdravstveno zavarovanje. Edini pogoj je, da imajo starši stalno prebivališče v Sloveniji.

Svetuje dr. Vojko Flis, dr. med.

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